Department of Veterinary Anatomy: is one of the constituent departments of the ekhawati Veterinary College since its inception in the year 2024. The mandate of the department is to impart education and practical training in courses of veterinary anatomy and histology to the students preparing for the degree of B.V.Sc.&A.H. Sound knowledge of body structure will be base for understanding physiological functions and identification of sites for performing operations on sick animals.
The department has a good collection of skeletons and visceral organs of all domestic, pet and some wild animals in its museum. Dissections are carried out on cadavers prepared from carcasses donated after the postmortem of dead animals. In addition, models, mannequins, plastinated specimens, and preserved body organs are used to impart practical training for a better understanding of the structure and functions of the animal body. Dissections are carried out on cadavers procured by way of donation of animal carcasses or obtained from postmortem section.Computer-simulated software, laboratory manuals and audio-visual facilities are used as tools for an in-depth understanding of the subject.
The department has well equipped laboratories for conducting the following activities.
Dissection of animals' corpse.
Embalming of dead animals.
Preparation of microscopic slides for teaching histology.
Procurement through donation, and processing of bones of various animals (limbs, Skull and vertebrae etc.)
The Department has following sanctioned strength of Faculty:
Professor - 1
Associate Professor – 1
Assistant Professors – 2
SYLLABUS
THEORY
UNIT:1
Introduction to anatomy and branches of anatomy and descriptive terms used in anatomy and study of anatomical planes. General Osteology, Arthrology and Myology: Study of properties and structure of bone. Classification of skeletons, classification of bones with suitable examples and terms used in osteology Introduction to arthrology, classification of joints, different diarthrodial joints, structure of diarthrodial joints and movements permitted. Introduction to myology, classification of muscles, etymology of muscles. Description of tendon, ligaments, aponeurosis, synovial bursa and synovial sheath.
(Note:Detailed description of muscles of different regions of the body will be studied in the respective practical).
General Angiology, Neurology and Aesthesiology: Introduction to angiology. Structure of heart. General plan of systemic and pulmonary circulations, lymphatic and venous systems. Introduction to neurology and parts of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system and sense organs. Formation of spinal nerve. Structure of meninges, brain, spinal cord. Different surface regions, joint regions, Palpable Bony areas or prominences of the body of the animal. Palpable Lymph nodes and Arteries of the body and Surface veins for Venepuncture. Sites for collection of Bone marrow and Cerebrospinal fluid. General Splanchnology: Introduction to splanchnology, boundaries of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, topography of different organs of digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine, male and female reproductive systems of domestic animals and fowl. Principles and application of Radiography and Ultrasound for bones and soft tissues.
UNIT-2
Fore limb: Study of bones of fore limb of ox and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl. Study of hoof of ox and horse. Study of joints, ligaments, stay apparatus, major blood vessels, nerves, veins and lymph nodes of fore limb. Sites for Radial, Median, Ulnar and Volar nerve blocks.
UNIT:3
Head and neck: Study of cranial and facial bones, cervical vertebrae of ox and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl. Boundaries of the oral, orbital, nasal and cranial cavities. Study of paranasal sinuses in ox, horse, dog and pig. Study of articulations and special ligaments of the head and neck. Muscles of face, mastication, eye, ear, tongue, pharynx, soft palate,hyoid and larynx. Study of teeth, hard and soft palate, tongue, pharynx, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid and salivary glands and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl. Study of cranial nerves, blood vessels and lymph nodes of head and neck regions. Study of boundaries of jugular furrow and structures of carotid sheath along with neck muscles. Study of sense organs, trachea and oesophagus. Age determination by Dentition. Sites for Tracheotomy, Esophagotomy, Ligation of Stensons duct and Mental, Mandibular, Maxillary , Cornual, Infraorabital , Supraorbital (frontal) , Orbital and Auriculopalpebral nerve blocks and surgical approach to guttural pouches in horse. Importance of Cornual nerve and superficial temporal artery in Amputation of Horn in cattle.
UNIT:4
Thorax: Demonstration of thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum of ox and comparison with horse, dog, pig and fowl. Dissection of muscles, blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes of thorax. Demonstration of organs of thorax i.e. trachea,oesophagus, thymus, lungs and heart and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl. Study of pleural reflections of thoracic cavity. Demonstration of sites for auscultation and percussion. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis-roaring in horses. Choke or oesophageal obstruction. Demonstration of radiographs and videos of ultrasonography of organs of thorax.
UNIT:5
Abdomen: Demonstration of bones forming boundaries of abdomen of ox and comparison with horse, dog, pig and fowl. Dissection of muscles, blood vessels and nerves of abdomen. Demonstration of peritoneum, omentum, mesentry and organs of digestive, urinary, male and female reproductive systems present in abdomen and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl. Demonstration of mammary glands of cow, mare, bitch and sow. Demonstration of major veins, lymph vessels and lymph nodes of abdomen. Topographic location of abdominal viscera of ox and comparison with horse, dog, pig and fowl. Demonstration of sites for laparotomy, caesarean section, ovario-hysterectomy, catheterization of urinary bladder and sites for paravertebral and epidural anaesthesia. Demonstration of Boundaries and Clinical importance of the flank and Para Lumbar Fossa, Sites for Liver ,Gall Bladder and Caecal Biopsies, Laparotomy, Rumenocentesis, Rumenotomy, abomasotomy, spleenectomy Cystotomy, Caesarean Operation, catheterization of urinary bladder and enterotomy and paravertebral block . Demonstration of radiographs and videos of ultrasonography of organs of abdomen.
UNIT:6
Hind limb and pelvis: Demonstration of bones of hind limb of ox and comparison with horse, dog, pig and fowl. Demonstration of joints and ligaments of hind limb and pelvis. Dissection of muscles, blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerves of hind limb and pelvic cavity. Demonstration of peritoneal reflections of pelvic cavity and organs of digestive, urinary, male and female reproductive systems in pelvic cavity and differences in horse, dog, pig and fowl. Study of external genital organs. Clinical importance of femoral artery to record pulse in dog. Clinical importance of recurrent tarsal vein for intravenous injections in dog. Demonstration of radiographs of normal bones and videos of ultrasonography of organs of pelvis. Demonstration of Sites for Tibial, Peroneal ,Plantar and Pudic nerve blocks, Patellar desmotomy, Urethrotomy, Castration , Vasectomy and cranial and caudal epidural anaesthesia.
UNIT:7
Microscopy and micrometry. Comparison of light and electron microscopy. Histological techniques, processing of tissues for paraffin sectioning and haematoxylin and eosin staining. Microscopic examination of epithelium, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue and blood. Microscopic examination of organs of digestive, circulatory, urinary, respiratory, nervous, lymphatic, endocrine, male and female genital systems and sensory organs of domestic animals.
UNIT:8
Demonstration of Placenta, umbilical cord and foetal membranes of different domestic animals. Demonstration of congenital anomalies of domestic animals as per availability. Study of slides of developing organs of different systems as per the availability. A embalmed cadaver of buffalo calf (procured through donated animals or cadevars obtained from post-mortem section) for every 24 students to be used for dissection purposes.